The Increasing Epidemic of Steroids - 621 Words

Steroids As the popularity of sports continues to increase in society, so has the use of performance enhancing drugs, primarily anabolic steroids. Anabolic steroids increase the amount of testosterone in the body which allows for increased muscular development. These drugs have been known to be used in all kinds of different sports. Athletes will use these drugs to try to please fans, receive a large contract, and to try to keep up with the players who are already using these drugs. This is creating a negative impact on the sports and on the lives of the athletes. The use of steroids in sports is bad because it is not healthy for the athletes, it hurts the spirit of sports, and it will have an effect on the future generations of athletes. Steroids have both psychiatric and physical consequences on the users. Those who have used steroids have shown an increase in violent behavior toward others. Multiple different sources â€Å"contain reports of previously mild-mannered individuals who committed murder and lesser assaults while taking AASs† (Encyclopedia of Drugs, Alcohol, and Addictive Behavior). Roid rage is the slang term used for this increased aggression in steroid users. Along with the mind, steroids will affect other vital organs such as the liver, heart, and breasts. Nonmedical steroid users can develop peliosis hepatis in the liver. Peliosis Hepatis creates little sacs of blood in the liver that can lead to death if one of the sacs is ruptured. Steroids affectShow MoreRelatedObesity : America s Major Threat1045 Words   |  5 Pageseducational status. For instance, women with college degrees are less likely to be obese than less educated women. However, there is no significant leaning between obesity a nd education among men (Ogden).The most common reasons behind this national epidemic can be credited to- diet, lifestyle, medical problems and unawareness. It is no mystery that the amount of food and calorie intake has a direct effect on a person’s weight. It is likely for a person to maintain a constant body weight givenRead MoreObesity : The Obesity Epidemic1509 Words   |  7 PagesThe Obesity Epidemic What is obesity? According to the Health Reference Center Academic, â€Å"Obesity is a clinical condition characterized by an excess of body fat†. Obesity causes serious and life-threatening diseases. Obesity can be calculated using the BMI or Body mass index. The higher the BMI the more obese a person is considered. More than 1 third of the population in the US is obese. Medical costs for treating obesity were estimated at $147 billion in 2008. Non-Hispanic black and Mexican AmericanRead MoreObesity Is A Symptom Of Poverty961 Words   |  4 Pagess because kids - and this is the problem with school lunch right now - are getting sugar, fat, empty calories - lots of calories - but no nutrition.† - Tom Colicchio Obesity is defined as being grossly fat or overweight. The dictionary defines epidemic as a rapid spread, growth, or development. This word depicts how bad obesity is in the United States. A lot of things can factor how obesity is caused, from family, laziness, and even eating habits. More than 1/3 of U.S. Americans are obese. TheRead MoreThe Addiction Epidemic Of Substance Abuse Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesThe Addiction Epidemic The use of substances for physical, mind and social advantage has been around since the beginning of documented history. Contemporary use of prescription medication for these advantages has led to a national epidemic of substance abuse. Health care providers need to recognize the disease process of addiction in order to effectively combat the growing epidemic of substance use disorders (SUD). Strategies to decrease the prevalence and incidence of SUD include defining addictionRead MoreThe Death Of Infectious Diseases1895 Words   |  8 Pagesantibiotics and at least 23,000 people die each year as a direct result of these infections (â€Å"Antibiotic/Antimicrobial†). A growing problem in the medical community is the rise of antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria caused by over-prescription, steroid use in livestock, and mutations; the effects are illness and death. Solutions to this issue include physician regulations, drug management, and holistic remedies. To fully grasp the growing issue with antibiotics in the medical community oneRead MoreResearch Paper On Why Obesity Is Considered A Disease857 Words   |  4 Pagesobesity isn’t a disease itself but just a side effect of different diseases. It may be a symptom of hypothyroidism, arthritis, increased insulin levels, and depression. Certain drugs like anti-seizure medications, antidepressants, diabetes medications, steroids, and anti-psychotic medications may cause gain weight to some people but is not is cause of obesity. It has been said that obesity is solely caused by eating too much, which is untrue. Obesity can be considered a genetic disorder. Studies have shownRead MoreWhy Is Obesity a Growing Problem? Essay1114 Words   |  5 Pagesaffects approximately one in three Americans,† (Harris, 2013). But instead you can make the person make healthier decisions not to eat something that may lead to gain weight like foods that have a lot of calories in them. Obesity is the fastest growing epidemic in America today and the only way we can prevent it is by creating more medicine to treat it and encouraging healthy lifestyles. Why is obesity a growing problem? Lack of exercise is one the main cause for being overweight and obesity. IfRead MoreBackground and Origin on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome1172 Words   |  5 Pagestreat the symptoms. These treatments include : Oxygen Therapy Breathing support Chest Therapy Antiviral medications Corticosteroids (group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically. have various metabolic functions and some used to treat inflammation) Medications that suppress or enhance the immune system Steroids in high doses, to reduce lung swelling Antibiotics to prevent bacteria that causes pneumonia Prevention The chances of getting SARS can be easilyRead MoreNegative Body Image Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesactivity each person does. Body image is defined as the subjective picture or mental image of ones own body, which greatly differs among fit and unfit individuals. Body image has a powerful affect on all. â€Å"Negative body image has grown to almost epidemic proportions in the past 20 years, with as many as 60 percent of adults in national studies saying they dont like the way their bodies look† (Hausenblas). Many people are dissatisfied with the way their bodies look, so they turn to numerous productsRead MoreThe Greatest Cycling Doping Scheme Fell Apart Around The Ringleader Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesconsecutive Tour De France yellow jerseys. At the heart of all of this was a drug called EPO and a method called blood doping. In an investigation by the International Cycling Union (UCI) they found that the period between 1990 and 2000 to as an â€Å"epo epidemic† (Lodewijkx 3). And even now dozens of professional athletes get banned over the use of this substance every year. After the â⠂¬Å"witch-hunt† that was the trial and eventually lifetime banning of Lance Armstrong from professional cycling there is evidence

The Nature of Ethics in Hinduism, Christianity, and...

The Nature of Ethics in Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism When asking the question about the nature of ethics, it is hard to explain where they came from because not everyone has the same views or religions. Since religions have different standards, there are different sources to them and different reasons for why people should follow them. When trying to find answers to questions about the nature of ethics, it is impossible to know which religions view is correct. This paper will discuss the different views on the nature of ethics of three major religions: Hinduism, Christianity, and Buddhism. Before trying to explain ethics in Hinduism, one must first know the basic beliefs in it. The ultimate goal for Hindus is to†¦show more content†¦How a Hindu governs their lives also depends on which of the three Margas (paths to achieve Moksha) that they choose to follow. Jnana Marga is the path of knowledge, Karma Marga is the path of action, and Bhakti Marga is the path of devotion. Depending on which marga a Hindu follows, dictates how that person lives their life. If a Hindu does not follow the standards of his religion, he will be punished. He wouldnt be punished in the sense of heaven or hell though like in Christianity. Since Hindus believe in Karma, their next life will reflect how they live their previous life. He would probably be born into a lower caste and will suffer a lot in his lifetime. Buddhism It is necessary to explain Buddhisms background before trying to explain its ethics. Siddhartha Gautama is the person who is most revered in the Buddhist religion. As a child, he was kept from seeing/learning about many of the harsh realities in the world. According to Exploring Religious Meaning, As a young man he ventured forth into that world only to discover and be staggered by the knowledge of extreme human suffering, disease, and death. Resolved to find answers to these realities of the human condition, he began a quest (Exploring Religious Meaning, 57-58). After six years on his quest, he was still unsatisfied. He then sat under the Bodhi Tree (the Tree of Wisdom) to meditate, determinedShow MoreRelatedHinduism, Buddhism, and Shinto1049 Words   |  5 PagesHinduism, Buddhism and Shinto, while vast in differences there is much to learn about these three religions similarities as well. Some facts and history of Hinduism include, Hinduism (being the oldest of the three) i s dated back in pre-history before 10000 BC even believed to predate the Indus River Valley Civilization! The Vedas (the holy text of Hinduism) is the foundation for Indian culture and also the basic belief system of Hinduism. The basic belief structure of Hinduism is as follows, theRead MoreSelf Denial In Bhagavad Gita1106 Words   |  5 PagesWhile reading the Bhagavad-Gita, I found it interesting how different the meanings of self-denial were in Hinduism and Christianity. After writing a discussion post on the differences, I wanted to dive deeper and explore the ways and meanings of self-denial described in the Bhagavad-Gita compared to Christianity. This paper will contrast the differences in self-denial between Christianity and Hinduism as described in the Bhagavad-Gita. Specifically, how Christian self-denial has a much better effect onRead Moreworld view chart writing assignment Eddie Lundy Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesmythology define them in its own way and they find re presentation in various forms like demons and angels in Christianity and Devas and Danavas in Hinduism. But the concept of good and evil has always been there and in old times people considered everything that made them unhappy evil - even diseases - and everything that made them happy good. Evil and good are considered to be interdependent in Hinduism. When one exists the other will also exist or evil also exists in the shadows of good or that evil isRead MoreBuddhism s Belief Of God1419 Words   |  6 PagesBuddhism hope to its adherents is to have a state of life in the afterlife where each individual can find his own way. They identifies their existence as god-like beings, who do not believe in an omnipotent creator God. Each individual discover and walk their own path. Nonetheless, Buddhism is not divine it just points the way to Nirvana. In the Buddhism religion they do not personally believe in God or a divine being. They do not worship, pray, or praise a divine being. Though the religion doesRead MoreHinduism, Buddhism, And Sikhism2021 Words   |  9 Pagessimilarities between them. Just as there are many similarities between the countries culturally, the major religions share more things than they are different. In viewing Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism wi th an open mind, it is easy to see the differences, similarities and ideals that make these religions as widespread as they are. Hinduism is one of the most diverse religions still practiced today. They are an adaptive religion, often taking in the local Gods of its followers, leading to many branchesRead MoreInfluence Of Religion On International Trade Essay1394 Words   |  6 Pagesbusinesses (e.g. in Europe during the Catholic holidays many days are close for business). This research paper will discuss the influence of religion on international trade and also the impact that most influential religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Islam have on trade. Religion has a significant role international trade. It set fundamental principles and values which govern the way its adherent behave and influence their daily decisions. Examples abound of religious tenetsRead MoreEssay on Reflection On World Religion983 Words   |  4 Pagesthese religions originated and have a general concept of the beliefs behind each religion. Each of the religions we covered have one thing in common that stick out, and that is promoting peace and harmony. Hinduism One thing that I have learned is that Hindus do not worship cows. Hinduism has no founder or date of origin. Hindus believe in one supreme God who created the universe. He created many Gods, highly advanced spiritual beings, to be his helpers. Many Hindus are devoted followers ofRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism And Monotheistic Religions1108 Words   |  5 Pagesthe meaning of the self. Many religions, including Hinduism, Confucianism and monotheistic religions, have developed philosophies placing importance of the â€Å"self.† Emphasis on morality, virtues, honest contribute to the development of the inner self. In religions such as, Islam and Judaism the importance of conducts and worship will lead you to paradise in the after as promised by Allah or Yahweh. The teachings of proper behavior, edict, ethics and conduct are also part of the teachings of ConfuciusRead MoreIs India A Country Of Ethnic Religious And Linguistic Pluralism Par Excellence?1364 Words   |   6 Pagesreligions in India, Vedism and Hinduism could be considered the beginning of religious diversity in the subcontinent. Although Hinduism is regarded as the oldest religion in the world, Vedism is the oldest stratum of religious activity in India. It takes its name from the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. The Rigveda, known as the earliest text of the collection, is composed of 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses in Sanskrit. The vedic religion evolved into Hinduism later on which is a federationsRead MoreA Vegetarian Vs. Vegan Essay1372 Words   |  6 Pagesothers that have hindered its’ expansion. This paper serves to compare how the Christianization of the roman empire and philosophers from Greece and Rome either hindered or contributed to vegetarianisms development. Before we can begin to compare Christianity with the Roman and Greek empire, it is important to discuss whether philosophical and religious beliefs fostered vegetarianism or vice versa. The earliest record of vegetarianism was discovered in the 7th century BC within the Indus Valley civilization

The Contract Between Chinese Teacher and Foreign Teacher Free Essays

When I search on the Internet, there are a lot of news comes to my eyes; among them many of the news are about the Chinese education system or even the teachers. Around us, we always heard a lot of different comments of the Chinese teacher, and some of people like to make comparison between the Chinese and foreigner teachers. Now I am a student in the cooperated school, I have experienced the foreign teaching style, and learned from some teachers from America, I found there are really many differences between the Chinese teacher and the foreign teachers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Contract Between Chinese Teacher and Foreign Teacher or any similar topic only for you Order Now To contract those teachers who come from China and abroad, I will describe on three aspects: what is the teaching style of them, how the attitude to the students and the last one is how they care about their students. The first difference is about the teaching style. That is also the biggest one in my mind, one is like a whip, and the other is like a road sign. As we know, almost all the Chinese teachers just give the lecture when they are teaching some knowledge to the students. If you walk around in some classrooms when the students having classes, you will see very similar scene that the teachers are standing on the teaching ground and talking, the students are just writing the notes as quickly as they can. Although they feel tiered, they cannot stop because of the anxiousness that they cannot follow the teachers. And for the Chinese students, after the class they have so much homework to do that the teacher left to them. On the contrary, the atmosphere of the foreign teachers’ classes is more easily. You always can hear that the students are discussing in the class. Because the teachers prefer to guide the students to find out the answer or learn the knowledge by themselves or within a team. Obviously, they do not like to leave so much homework to force the students to remember and repeat what they learn in the class, they are willing to take a self-help study. So the Chinese teachers like to be a whip and they want to force the students to study in their designed way, however, the foreign teachers act as a road sign that they can lead the students in a right direction and let them learn by themselves. Secondly, one of the differences between Chinese teachers and foreign teachers is how they care about the students. In my opinion, the Chinese teachers care about the students’ study achievements. But for the foreign teachers, they concern more about the students’ life and personality not only the study record. When I was in the middle school, I found what the most important thing the teacher concerned is only study. If a student feel upsad, the teacher always said make yourself better soon, do not affect your study. That seems like all the starting points for the teacher is good to study. However, the foreign teachers do not only care about the students’ study, in their mind, study is not so important, they care more about the students’ growth and personalities. They pay much attention to the development of students’ positive life attitude and good personalities. if a foreign teacher sees a worried student, this teacher is probably afraid whether the longtime bad mood can bring terrible impact on the student’s growth. Therefore, the foreign teacher care more about the students’ growth verses the Chinese teachers who just concern the study too much. The last one is the different attitude to the students who make some mistakes. The strictness is a very outstanding attribute for the Chinese teachers which is known by people. Especially when the students make some mistakes, they always treat them very strictly, even punish them. They think only the strict punishment and critic can let the students remember this lesson. On the contrary, few of the foreign teachers punish the students who make mistakes. They are more patient and try to let students know how serious the consequence is when they take such wrong action. To their opinion, everyone has the antagonistic mentality, too much punishment and critic only can stir up the hostility. That just makes the result more terrible or even has a bad influence on the students. Obviously the attitudes toward the students who make the mistakes are so different; the Chinese teachers prefer to choose a strict method to avoid the students to try it again. But for the foreign teachers, they are more friendly to get the permission that the students will not repeat this mistake. In the conclusion, the Chinese teachers are so different from the foreign teachers, such as different teaching style, different attitudes to the students and different treatment to the students’ study record. As a result, those make different characteristics of the students from different region, Chinese students always have strong basement in the academy, and however the foreign students are more creative. How to cite The Contract Between Chinese Teacher and Foreign Teacher, Essay examples

Sir Isaac Newton Essay Papers Example For Students

Sir Isaac Newton Essay Papers Thesis Statement: Through his early life experiences and with the knowledge left by his predecessors, Sir Isaac Newton was able to develop calculus, natural forces, and optics. From birth to early childhood, Isaac Newton overcame many personal, social, and mental hardships. It is through these experiences that helped create the person society knows him as in this day and age. The beginning of these obstacles started at birth for Newton. Isaac was born premature on Christmas Day 1642, in the manor house of Woolsthorpe, 7 miles south of Grantham in Lincolnshire. It is said that â€Å"Because Galileo, . . . had died that year, a significance attaches itself to 1642† (Westfall 1). Though his father had died before Isaac was born, he was given his father’s name. He was born into a farming family that had worked their way slowly up the â€Å"social ladder†. The Newton’s were one of the few families to prosper in Lincolnshire (Westfall 1). At the age of three Isaac’s life would take a drastic turn. When Isaac was three his mother, Hannah Ayscough, remarried to the Reverend Barnabas Smith (Internet-newtonia). Isaac and the Reverend never got along and the Reverend would not have a child that was not his living with him. Isaac stayed with his grandparents when his mother went to live with the Reverend in North Witham. His maternal grandmother raised Isaac until he was ten. It is believed that his mother’s second marriage and her leaving caused many problems for Isaac as a child. While living with his grandparents he attended day school nearby in Skillington and Stoke. Isaac was surrounded by many cousins and other family members in the surrounding area though, â€Å"He formed no bond with any of his numerous relatives that can be traced later in his life† (Westfall 11). In 1653 his mother returned after her second husband died. With her she brought one half brother and two half sisters. Although it is not known, bitterness may have inflicted Isaac when his three new siblings arrived. Never the less, two years later at the age of twelve he was sent to Grantham to attend grammar school. While attending grammar school Isaac lived with the apothecary Mr. Clark (Westfall 12). Mr. Clark had three stepchildren from the first marriage of his wife, Miss Storer, who were also living in his house. In school and at home Isaac was apparently different and did not get along with any other boys. He was often in fights and remembered only one nice boy from school, Chrichloe. All the other boys seemed to hate him. He was more comfortable in the company of girls. He made doll furniture for Mr. Clark’s daughter. From this Isaac’s first and last romantic experience developed. â€Å"Indeed, as the two grew older, something of a romance apparently developed between him and Miss Storer† (Westfall 13). From doll furniture Newton moved on to other little machines. He used all the money his mother sent him to buy tools and filled his room with the machines. He fell in love with Mr. Clark’s library and would read as often as possible. At times he would spend so much time on projects that he would fall behind in school. When he realized he was falling behind all Isaac had to do was pick up his textbook and would immediately be caught up. Through his machines Newton became proficient in drawing and his inventions steadily became more elaborate. At the age of seventeen in 1659, Newton left Mr. Clark and had another life changing experience. When Newton was seventeen his mother took him out of school and brought him back to the family farm. Trying to teach him how to run the farm and manage the estate was a failure. Newton would always bribe a hired hand to do the work he was supposed to. When he was supposed to be in town selling produce he would go to his old room in Mr. Clark’s house and read or play with his machines. In all of his spare time he returned to inventing and building machines. Newton’s uncle a nd old schoolmaster saw that he was in the wrong trade and urged his mother to prepare him to attend the University (Westfall 17). In 1660 he returned to Grantham to finish grammar school and prepare for the university. In June of 1661 Newton entered Trinity College, Cambridge (Internet-groups). While at Cambridge Newton studied mathematics (Internet-newtonia). This is when Newton first started to delve into the many discoveries he would soon be making. Throughout Isaac Newton’s childhood and early adulthood he came in contact with many obstacles. Whether it was his mother leaving or his inability to socialize with his peers, Newton overcame the hardships that faced him. He was able to leave the family estate and trade behind in order to receive a better education. His intelligence is what separated him from everyone else. The ability he showed as a child was just the beginning. Newton made most of his most important discoveries – pure mathematics, theory of gravitation, and optics – before he even graduated college. Although he learned geometry through school, he spoke of himself as self-taught. One of his earliest mathematical discoveries was the binomial theorm. â€Å"The binomial theorm gives a formula, or rule, as Newton called it, for writing down the expansion of any power of (1+x).† (Anthony 53) An example of this is as follows:(1+x)^n = 1 + nx + n(n-1) x^2 + n(n-1)(n-2) x^3 + †¦ nx^(n-1) + x^n1*2 1*2*3This was an early attempt at understanding differentiation. â€Å"Newton made contributions to all branches of mathematics then studied, but is especially famous for his solutions to the contemporary problems in analytical geometry of drawing tangents to curves (differentiation) and defining areas bounded by curves (integration).† (Hall online) He discovered that they were inverse to each other. At the same time, he fig ured a way out to solve these problems with his method of fluxions and inverse method of fluxions. Fluxions are concerned with the rate at which the change occurs. The rate of change of a quantity indicates how the quantity is increasing or decreasing at a given time. The idea of â€Å"rate of change† is so important in the realm of engineering, where complicated changes in motion occur. The areas of surfaces, and volumes of solids almost always require these methods for their evaluations, as do also centers of gravity and moments of inertia. Even the modern study of aerodynamics and the science of hydrodynamics would be impossible without the principles of the calculus. One of the most valuable applications of the differential calculus may be found in problems involving maxima and minima. â€Å"Now it is known that the value of the differential coefficient at any point on the curve varies with the angle that the tangent at the point makes with the axis of x. In passing thro ugh a maximum or a minimum, the inclination of the tangent becomes zero, so that the pints of maxima and minima may be found by equating the differential coefficient to zero.† (Anthony 73)By setting up these basic calculations, Newton paved the way to understanding the theory of gravitation. As far as the idea of universal gravitation is concerned, the essential work was done before Newton was twenty-four. In eighteen months, Newton wrote what is considered the greatest scientific work ever written. He called this book Philosophiae Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), which is usually known by the last two words. â€Å"In the book Newton codified Galileo’s findings into the three laws of motion.† (Wilson online) The first law of motion was called â€Å"the principle of inertia.† â€Å"A body at rest remains at rest and a body in motion remains in motion at a constant velocity as long as outside forces are not involved.â⠂¬  (Wilson online) The second law of motion was titled â€Å"motion defined in terms of mass and acceleration.† This was the first clear distinction between the mass of a body and its weight. He showed that mass was just resistance to acceleration; in other words, mass is the amount of inertia a body has. He also showed that weight was the amount of gravitational force between a body and another body (the earth). The last of the famous laws was â€Å"action and reaction.† This law just states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. That low governs the behavior of rockets. Using these three laws, Newton was able to figure out the way gravitational force between the earth and the moon could be calculated. Because you could use that calculation for any two bodies in the universe, the equation became the law of universal gravitation. With this, he also calculated the centripetal force needed to hold a stone in a sling, and the relation between th e length of a pendulum and the time of its swing. As you well know, Newton was a very well rounded and intelligent man. Not only did he do work with math and physics, but he also discovered the basics of optics. This is a picture taken from Compton’s Interactive Encyclopedia, 1997 Edition. AZTEC CIVILIZATION EssayPerhaps the best way to see what Sir Isaac Newton has given us is to look at what we as a people depend on most, the computer. Without the process of analytical geometry, better known as calculus, life wouldn’t be as easy as it is today. Meaning that the age of computers would have never come about and without them, manual labor would be used instead of automated labor, which would be a lot more costly, impractical, and inefficient. Let’s face it, it is just this simple, computers run the world as we know it! We rely on computers for everything, and without calculus, computers might still exist, but the programs which run them would be nonexistent, simply due to the fact that the majority of computers don’t run on the same input from day to day. They run based on varying input. For the programs that run computers to be effective and efficient, they must be able to handle multiple inputs, and give reliable outputs when prompted. As it can clearly be seen, Sir Isaac Newton’s numerous contributions in the areas of science and mathematics have made it possible for we as a people to seemingly advance at an exponential rate. As Newton accredited his accomplishments to his predecessors, so must we attribute the success we have had today to the numerous accomplishments of Newton in the areas of Science and Mathematics. If we as a people today have achieved great things, it is because we have stood upon the shoulders of the giant, Sir Isaac Newton. BibliographyWorks CitedAnthony, H. D. Sir Isaac Newton. New York: Abelard-Schuman Limited, 1960. 53, 73. Hall, Alfred Rupert. â€Å"Isaac Newton.† Microsoft Encarta. 20 October 1999 . Hall, Rupert. Isaac Newton. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1992. Moore, Patrick. Isaac Newton. London: Adam Charles Black Limited, 1957. Newton. 6 November 99 . Newton. February 1997 . Newton. 6 November 99 . Newton. 6 November 99 . Newtonia. 1999 . Serway, Raymond. Principles of Physics. Orlando: Harcourt Brace College, 1998. 86. The New American Encyclopedia. 12vols. New York: Books Inc, 1971. 891, 892, 1930. Westfall, Richard S. The Life of Isaac Newton. New York. Cambridge University Press. 1993. 1-18. Wilson, Fred L. â€Å"Newton.† History of Science. Rochester Institute of Technology. 20 October 1999 . Biographies